Bioinformatics Lab Report free essay sample

Using a cladistic approach, we constructed a hypothetical phylogenetic tree of many different plant taxa by comparing their morphologies. We first decided to sort the various types of plants into groups based on morphological features. After sorting these plants into five different groups we began to determine how the plants differed from eachother in the group and what features set them apart. From this we started to create the hypothetical tree and decided to put aquatic plants at the start of the tree, as its most commonly believed life orginated in the ocean. We then put the other plants into various categories on the tree based upon the morphologies that set them apart from the others. A comparison of the hypothetical phylogeny and the calculate phylogeny: Many of the plants we put into groups using the cladistic approach were similarally matched from the phenetic approach. From our hypothetical tree we had one main branch and then subdivided the plants into five various groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the calculated tree it had two main branches and many subdivided categories for the various morphologies. Most of the groups we used to seperate the plants from morphological features when creating the hypothetical tree could still be applied for grouping methods in the calculated tree (such as whether the plants were aquatic, could produce flowers, etc ). The only two plants that we mistakenly grouped together (from the cladistic approach) was Polypodium and Equisetum believing they both had spores and put them in the same group. However this was not the case and using the phenetic approach we could follow it back and see that Polypodium is land based and that Equisetum is water based and that both were in their own groups. Cladistic vs. Phenetic approach (advantages and disadvantages): One of the main advantages of using the cladisitic approach is that it can asily be created just by the sorting of various morpoholigcal features and can give a quick sketch for recreating pylogenies. However from this approach it can be prone to any errors made and is not as accurate as the phenetic approach. The main advantage of the phenetic approach lies in its accuracy and can more accurately sort organisms into groups based on data for their phylogenies. The disadvantage from this is that it requires alot of data and can not be as easily produced in the field like the cladistic approach.

The Use Of Dialectic To Define Justice Essays - Philosophy

The Use Of Dialectic To Define Justice Essays - Philosophy The Use Of Dialectic To Define Justice Through the use of Socratic dialogue, Plato has an advantage at obtaining answers by refuting other philosophers. Plato is able to achieve an answer to the question, what is justice. He derives this answer through an analogy of the ideal city. The ideal city parallels the concept of the ideal person as Plato uncovers with the aid of dialectic. Plato defines justice as a function of harmony, which must first be achieved in an individual before being extended to the city. Speaking through Socrates Plato defines justice as a philosophical understanding of excellence in the organization of society and human soul. In book IV Socrates refutes the notion that justice is visible, while using the Socratic method of dialogue. He questions that justice is the virtue that has no physical representative. Through the state, Socrates inferred that justice can be understood as opposed to being seen. In order to grasp the concept of the ideal city or the happy state one must first analyze its components. Plato does this with dialectic. Then he questions that each individual is a member of one of three groups: Rulers, Guardians, and the Producer class. Each one of the specifications of labor 2 within the kallipolis accompany a chief characteristic. The rulers were considered to have wisdom as their virtue. People chosen to be a ruler exhibited a special knowledge for leading the state. In the kallipolis rulers make their judgment for the happiness of the state as opposed to their own individual happiness. Is there some knowledge possessed by some of the citizens in the city?that does not judge about any particular matter but the city as a whole and the maintenance of good relations both internally and with other cities?(pg.104,428d) The next virtue, Plato discovers through the Socratic method, was courage. This power to preserve through everything correct and law-inculcated belief about what is to be feared and what isn't is what I call courage.(105,430b) This virtue resided mainly in the guardians. Each soldier was trained from their childhood about what to fear and what not to fear. Courage was apparent in the soldier? beliefs in the state laws as well as doing whatever was necessary to protect the state. Through the Socratic method, Plato makes an analogy of the soldiers to poorly dyed wool, stating that a soldier will never present a ridiculous and washed out appearance. The next virtue, moderation, Plato discovered through the Socratic method was needed in every member of the kallipolis, but he divulged that it was the attribute of the 3 producer class. Unlike courage and wisdom... Making the city brave and wise respectively, moderation spreads throughout the whole.(pg.107,431e) Moderation was necessary for each class, especially this one since the craftsmen are considered the appetites of kallipolis. Through dialogue with Glaucon, Plato concludes that producers were moderate; guardians were moderate and courageous; and the rulers were moderate, courageous, and wise. After Socrates has found the other three virtues in the kallipolis, he then moves on to justice. Socrates felt that justice was the virtue that was left over. Justice was an understanding in the kallipolis of each individual performing their job without interfering with that of another. Socrates placed the other three virtues first and as a result he arrived with the conclusion that justice or morality is achieved through a harmony of the others. Therefore Socrates defined justice as a function of wisdom, courage, and moderation all working together to produce the best for the state. Justice was considered as the harmony of the city as well as an individual. Socrates felt that through examining the state and its parts he could discover justice in the individual. Each individual was as the state, with three different parts: 4 mind, body, and spirit. The mind acted in each individual as a ruler. The virtue of the mind was wisdom just as the ruler of the state. Courage is also found in the soul of the individual in the form of the spirit. The spirit acts as the guardian of the soul just as the soldier does for the city. And isn't in the individual courageous in the same way and in the same part of himself